Effects of brake training on lower limbs of soccer players / Efeitos do treinamento de frenagem sobre os membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol / Efectos del entrenamiento de frenado en las extremidades inferiores de los futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: As sports skills and attacking techniques evolved rapidly, so did sports offense and defense, requiring new techniques for improving sports performance on the field. One technique that has been empirically highlighted is braking training, with little scientific research on its practical results. Objective: Study the effects of brake training on lower limb agility in soccer players. Methods: Male soccer athletes participated in the experiment, and patients were divided into experimental and control groups, where lower limb demand and fracture resistance were tested. Results: After 8 weeks of training, the quality of sensitivity and explosive strength of the lower extremities were checked, where the experimental group showed a highly significant difference in training (P<0.01). The sensitivity index scores were all significantly changed. In the control group, there was a variation in bone density before and after exercise but little significant difference in performance. Conclusion: Compared to traditional resistance training, extending and focusing on lower limb braking training can effectively develop explosive strength and agility in soccer players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: À medida que as habilidades esportivas e a técnica de ataque evoluíram rapidamente, o mesmo foi acontecendo com relação ao ataque e à defesa esportiva, exigindo novas técnicas para o aprimoramento do desempenho esportivo em campo. Uma das técnicas que vem se destacando empiricamente é o treinamento de frenagem, com poucas pesquisas científicas em seus resultados práticos. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento de frenagem sobre a agilidade dos membros inferiores nos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Atletas masculinos de futebol participaram do experimento, sendo os pacientes divididos em grupos experimentais e de controle, onde a demanda dos membros inferiores e a resistência à fratura foram testadas. Resultados: Após 8 semanas de treinamento, verificou-se a qualidade da sensibilidade e a força explosiva das extremidades inferiores, onde o grupo experimental mostrou uma diferença altamente significativa ao treinamento (P<0,01). Os escores do índice de sensibilidade foram todos significativamente alterados. No grupo de controle, houve uma variação na densidade óssea antes e depois do exercício, porém pouca diferença significativa no desempenho. Conclusão: Em comparação com o treinamento de resistência tradicional, a ampliação e concentração no treinamento de frenagem sobre os membros inferiores pode efetivamente desenvolver a força explosiva e a agilidade nos jogadores de futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: A medida que las habilidades deportivas y la técnica de ataque evolucionaba rápidamente, lo mismo ocurría con el ataque y la defensa deportiva, exigiendo nuevas técnicas para la mejora del rendimiento deportivo en el campo. Una de las técnicas que se ha destacado empíricamente es el entrenamiento de frenado, con poca investigación científica sobre sus resultados prácticos. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento de frenado sobre la agilidad de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: En el experimento participaron atletas de fútbol de sexo masculino, y los pacientes se dividieron en grupos experimentales y de control, en los que se comprobó la demanda de las extremidades inferiores y la resistencia a las fracturas. Resultados: Tras 8 semanas de entrenamiento, se comprobó la calidad de la sensibilidad y la fuerza explosiva de las extremidades inferiores, donde el grupo experimental mostró una diferencia altamente significativa al entrenamiento (P<0,01). Las puntuaciones del índice de sensibilidad cambiaron significativamente. En el grupo de control, hubo una variación en la densidad ósea antes y después del ejercicio, pero poca diferencia significativa en el rendimiento. Conclusión: En comparación con el entrenamiento de resistencia tradicional, extender y centrar el entrenamiento de frenado en las extremidades inferiores puede desarrollar eficazmente la fuerza explosiva y la agilidad en los jugadores de fútbol. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of strength training on physical conditioning in soccer players / Efeitos do treinamento de força sobre o condicionamento físico em jogadores de futebol / Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza en la condición física en jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the development of contemporary soccer, it can be seen that the physical conditioning of athletes has become the gold standard for player evaluation. Objective: Analyze the effects of strength training on soccer players' physical conditioning. Methods: By combining functional strength training with traditional soccer training, the literature was compared, using the method of mathematical statistics and comparative analysis to study the influence of physical conditioning in youth soccer (n=62). Results: After the test, the difference between the control group and the experimental group was significantly enhanced (p = 0.66> 0.05), but there was no difference in effectiveness between the experimental group and the control group after 10 minutes (p = 0.03. <0.05). There was a significant difference in post-test performance between the experimental group and the control group (p = 0.04 <0.05), with emphasis on the hand-throw performance after training. Conclusion: The strength training protocol presented here had a positive impact on the physical conditioning of soccer players, especially on the agility performance of young athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento do futebol contemporâneo, pode-se constatar que o condicionamento físico dos atletas se tornou o padrão ouro para avaliação de seu jogador. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento de força sobre o condicionamento físico dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Combinando o treinamento funcional de força ao treinamento de futebol tradicional, comparou-se a literatura bibliográfica, utilizando o método de estatística matemática e análise comparativa para estudar a influência sobre o condicionamento físico no futebol juvenil (n=62). Resultados: Após o teste, a diferença entre o grupo controle e o grupo experimental foi significativamente aprimorada (p = 0,66> 0,05), porém não houve diferença na eficácia entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle após 10 minutos (p = 0,03. <0.05). Verificou-se uma diferença significativa no desempenho pós-teste entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle (p = 0,04 <0,05), com destaque ao desempenho do lançamento manual após o treinamento. Conclusão: O protocolo de treinamento de força apresentado repercutiu positivamente sobre o condicionamento físico nos jogadores de futebol, com destaque para o desempenho da agilidade nos jovens atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el desarrollo del fútbol contemporáneo, se puede comprobar que la condición física de los atletas se convirtió en el patrón de oro para la evaluación del jugador. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza en la condición física de los futbolistas. Métodos: Combinando el entrenamiento de fuerza funcional con el entrenamiento de fútbol tradicional, se comparó la literatura, utilizando el método de la estadística matemática y el análisis comparativo para estudiar la influencia en el acondicionamiento físico en el fútbol juvenil (n=62). Resultados: Después de la prueba, la diferencia entre el grupo de control y el grupo experimental fue significativamente mayor (p = 0,66> 0,05), pero no hubo diferencia de eficacia entre el grupo experimental y el grupo de control después de 10 minutos (p = 0,03. <0,05). Hubo una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento posterior a la prueba entre el grupo experimental y el grupo de control (p = 0,04 <0,05), con énfasis en el rendimiento del lanzamiento manual después del entrenamiento. Conclusión: El protocolo de entrenamiento de fuerza aquí presentado tuvo un impacto positivo en el acondicionamiento físico de los jugadores de fútbol, con énfasis en el rendimiento de la agilidad en atletas jóvenes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Results of pliometry on lower limb motor function in soccer players / Resultados da pliometria sobre a função motora nos membros inferiores de futebolistas / Resultados de la pliometría en la función motora de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: Soccer is watched by hundreds of millions of fans worldwide, in more than 1.5 million teams and 300,000 clubs worldwide, by men and women, children and adults of all levels of expertise. Demanding high performance from its practitioners, achieved only with the strong scientific basis of its technicians by constantly updated research. Objective: Study the results of extensor strength training with plyometrics exercises on the motor function of soccer players' lower limbs. Methods: An experiment with 30 soccer players as research volunteers was performed by randomly dividing them into high load plyometric training group (PHL, 20% of body weight), low load plyometric training group (PLL, 10% of body weight), and control group (CON) for various physiological tests before and after training. Results: Lower limb muscle mass in the PHL group increased significantly; creatine kinase (CK) changes were not statistically significant; regarding isokinetic muscle strength performance, the PHL group showed a significant improvement in peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s, while the PLL group obtained only a significant improvement at 180°/s. Conclusion: Plyometric exercise promoted a significant improvement in isokinetic muscle strength of the lower extremity of soccer players; its training with different weights did not cause muscle damage. A progressive training load is recommended for athletes with low muscle strength during the initial training phase. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O futebol é assistido por centenas de milhões de torcedores mundialmente, em mais de 1,5 milhões de times e 300.000 clubes em todo o mundo, tanto por homens e mulheres, crianças e adultos de todos os níveis de especialização. Exigindo alta performance de seus praticantes, conseguida apenas com forte embasamento científico de seus técnicos por pesquisas constantemente atualizadas. Objetivo: Estudar os resultados do treinamento de fortalecimento dos extensores com exercícios de pliometria sobre a função motora dos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Um experimento com 30 jogadores de futebol como voluntários de pesquisa foi executado dividindo-os aleatoriamente em grupo de treinamento pliométrico de alta carga (PHL, 20% do peso corporal), grupo de treinamento pliométrico de baixa carga (PLL, 10% do peso corporal) e grupo de controle (CON) para vários testes fisiológicos antes e depois do treinamento. Resultados: A massa muscular dos membros inferiores no grupo PHL aumentou significativamente; as alterações de creatina quinase (CK) não foram estatisticamente significativas; em relação ao desempenho da força muscular isocinética, o grupo PHL apresentou uma melhora significativa no torque de pico a 60°/s e 180°/s, enquanto o grupo PLL obteve apenas uma melhora significativa a 180°/s. Conclusão: A pliometria promoveu uma melhora significativa na força muscular isocinética dos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol, seu treinamento com distintos pesos não ocasionou danos musculares. Recomenda-se a utilização de carga de treinamento progressiva aos esportistas com pouca força muscular durante a fase inicial de treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El fútbol es visto por cientos de millones de aficionados en todo el mundo, en más de 1,5 millones de equipos y 300.000 clubes en todo el mundo, por hombres y mujeres, niños y adultos de todos los niveles de especialización. Exigir un alto rendimiento a sus practicantes, sólo se consigue con una fuerte base científica de sus técnicos mediante una investigación constantemente actualizada. Objetivo: Estudiar los resultados del entrenamiento de la fuerza extensora con ejercicios pliométricos sobre la función motora de los miembros inferiores de los futbolistas. Métodos: Se realizó un experimento con 30 jugadores de fútbol como voluntarios de investigación, dividiéndolos aleatoriamente en el grupo de entrenamiento pliométrico de alta carga (PHL, 20% del peso corporal), el grupo de entrenamiento pliométrico de baja carga (PLL, 10% del peso corporal) y el grupo de control (CON) para realizar diversas pruebas fisiológicas antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: La masa muscular de las extremidades inferiores en el grupo PHL aumentó significativamente; los cambios en la creatina quinasa (CK) no fueron estadísticamente significativos; en cuanto al rendimiento de la fuerza muscular isocinética, el grupo PHL mostró una mejora significativa en el par máximo a 60°/s y 180°/s, mientras que el grupo PLL sólo obtuvo una mejora significativa a 180°/s. Conclusión: La pliometría promovió una mejora significativa en la fuerza muscular isocinética de los miembros inferiores de los futbolistas, su entrenamiento con diferentes pesos no causó daño muscular. Se recomienda una carga de entrenamiento progresiva para los atletas con poca fuerza muscular durante la fase de entrenamiento inicial. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

High-intensity exercise improves the clinical response of organ function / Melhoria na resposta clínica da função dos órgãos causada por exercício de alta intensidade / Mejoría en la respuesta clínica de la función de los órganos causada por ejercicio de alta intensidad

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity is accomplished by the coordination of various organ systems of the human body, and physical exercise can positively impact the activities of many of these systems. Because the impact of high-intensity sports on human organs is different according to the environmental temperature and exercise intensity, we must make more detailed observations and discussions. Objective: To analyze the changes in the body shape, function, and organ function of middle school students before and after high-intensity physical exercise through the study of human movement. Methods: Through the experimental research on the characteristics of metabolic gas exchanges in high-intensity incremental load exercise of college students. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of physiological reactions shown by the students who underwent high-intensity incremental load exercise, such as abdominal pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, nausea, dizziness, and muscle aches (P<0.05). Hypothermia was accompanied by a decrease in heart rate during exercise. Conclusion: Carrying out overload training can effectively mediate physiological functions. It is an important, in improving sports performance, to carry out warm-up activities in a low-temperature environment to increase body temperature. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A atividade física acontece por meio coordenação de vários sistemas de órgãos do corpo humano, e os exercícios físicos podem ter impacto positivo nas atividades de vários desses sistemas. Uma vez que o impacto de esportes de alta intensidade nos órgãos humanos é diferente de acordo com a temperatura do ambiente e com a intensidade do exercício, é necessário realizar observações e discussões mais detalhadas. Objetivo: Analisar as mudanças de forma e função do corpo, e das funções dos órgãos de alunos universitários antes e depois de atividade física de alta intensidade, através do estudo do movimento humano. Métodos: Pesquisa experimental sobre as características da troca gasosa em exercícios de alta intensidade com aumento gradual de carga em alunos universitários. Resultados: Houve diferenças estatísticas significativas na incidência de reações fisiológicas dos estudantes que passaram pela atividade de alta intensidade com aumento gradual de carga, incluindo dores abdominais, dispneia, taquicardia, náusea, tonturas, e dores musculares (p<0,05). Na presença de hipotermia havia uma queda na frequência cardíaca durante os exercícios. Conclusão: Exercícios de sobrecarga podem mediar funções fisiológicas eficientemente. Para melhorar a performance esportiva em ambientes de baixa temperatura é importante realizar exercícios de aquecimento para aumentar a temperatura do corpo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La actividad física ocurre por medio de la coordinación de varios sistemas de órganos del cuerpo humano y los ejercicios físicos pueden tener impacto positivo en las actividades de varios de estos sistemas. Dado que el impacto de deportes de alta intensidad en los órganos humanos es diferente de acuerdo con la temperatura del ambiente y con la intensidad del ejercicio, es necesario realizar observaciones y discusiones más detalladas. Objetivo: Analizar los cambios de forma y función del cuerpo, y de las funciones de los órganos de alumnos universitarios antes y después de la actividad física de alta intensidad, a través del estudio del movimiento humano. Métodos: Investigación experimental sobre las características del intercambio de gases en ejercicios de alta intensidad con aumento gradual de carga en alumnos universitarios. Resultados: Hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas en la incidencia de reacciones fisiológicas de los estudiantes que pasaron por la actividad de alta intensidad con aumento gradual de carga, incluyendo dolores abdominales, disnea, taquicardia, náuseas, mareos y dolor muscular (p<0,05). En la presencia de hipotermia se produjo un descenso cardíaco durante los ejercicios. Conclusión: Los ejercicios de sobrecarga pueden mediar las funciones fisiológicas eficientemente. Para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en ambientes de baja temperatura es importante realizar ejercicios de calentamiento para aumentar la temperatura corporal. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Review and prospect of international research on preschool children’s movement development assessment: A CiteSpace-based visual analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Foreign scholars have developed some scientific and applicable assessment tools for children’s movement development. However, because the assessment tools will be affected by the regional, cultural and ethnic norm data, these foreign assessment tools cannot be directly used in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the development of international assessment tools for children’s movement development in order to help researchers in related fields to develop scientific assessment tools for children’s movement development assessment in China. OBJECTIVE: By using the methods of literature analysis, visual analysis and mathematical statistics, to analyze the discipline characteristics, dynamic evolution and frontier hot spots of the international children’s movement development assessment research in the past 30 years, in order to comprehensively understand the research overview of the international children’s movement development assessment from a macro perspective. METHODS: The Web of Science Core Collection database from 1990 to 2020 was searched using search topics #1 “elementary or pupil or primary school or middle school or secondary school or children or preschool or Kindergarten or Pediatrics”, #2 “motor skills or gross motor or fine motor or coordination or motor developmental delay or developmental coordination disorder or motor difficulty or motor development defect or motor development or motor proficiency or motor competencies”, #3 “questionnaire or tools or assessment or scale or test”, and #4 (#1 and #2 and #3). Finally, 11 680 literatures were selected as the research data of this paper and Citespace5.5R2 software was used for literature visualization analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The research on the evaluation of children’s movement development is characterized by interdisciplinary subjects such as pediatrics, neuroscience and neurology, psychology, neuroscience, education and education research, sports science, etc. The evolution of international assessment of children's movement development can be divided into basic development stage, rapid development stage and high-speed development stage. The development of assessment tools in different stages always revolves around the impact of movement development on different children’s cognition, personality, social adaptation and physical health. The cutting-edge trend of international assessment of children’s movement development mainly focuses on movement development and interventions in premature infants, movement development in children with muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy, and coordination in autism children, the relationship between children’s movement development and children’s physical health, as well as the prediction of children’s physical activity based on children’s movement development.

Optimum harvest time of Tulipa edulis based on comparison of biomass accumulation and medicinal quality evaluation / 中国中药杂志

The optimum harvest time of Tulipa edulis was explored based on biomass accumulation and medicinal quality evaluation. Samples were taken from bud stage (Feb 13th) to dormancy stage (May 14th) and the growth indexes, organs biomasses, drying rate, contents of water-soluble extract and polysaccharides were determined. The results showed that biomass distribution of T. edulis varied with growth center and the bulb gained maximum biomass allocation in the whole growth period. The total biomass accumulation and bulb biomass accumulation　increased in the whole growth period and peaked in fructescence stage. No differences were observed in bulb biomass among fructescence stage, withering stage and dormancy stage. The correlation between bulb biomass allocation and other morphological indexes varied with the harvest time. Bulb dry weight biomass had negative correlation with some morphological indexes of aerial part of T. edulis at bud stage, flower stage and fructescence and had significant positive (P<0.05) or extremely significant positive correlation（P<0.01）with other morphological indexes except for root at bearing fruits stage. The drying rate of bulb of T. edulis increased with the extension of harvest time and peaked in dormancy stage. The water-soluble extract of T. edulis bulb was the highest in pre-growing-stage. The tendency of polysaccharides contents showed a W-shape variation during the harvesting period. The polysaccharides content was the lowest in fructescence stage and was the highest in dormancy stage. Considering the yield and medicinal quality of T. edulis bulb, the optimum harvest time of T. edulis is in the withering stage or early stage of dormancy.

Effects of stereoscopic cultivation on photosynthetic characteristics and growth of Tulipa edulis / 中国中药杂志

The effect of stereoscopic cultivation on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of Tulipa edulis was studied to explore the feasibility of stereoscopic cultivation on efficient cultivation of T.edulis. Total leaf area and photosynthetic parameters of T.edulis under stereoscopic cultivation (the upper, middle and the lower layers ) and the control were measured using LI-3100 leaf area meter and LI-6400XT photosynthesis system in the growing peak period of T.edulis.Plant biomass and biomass allocation were also determined.In addition, the bulb regeneration and yield of T.edulis were measured in the harvesting time.The results indicated that in the middle layer of stereoscopic cultivation, leaf biomass proportion was the highest, but total bulb fresh and dry weight and output growth (fresh weight) were the lowest among the treatments.And total bulb fresh weight in the middle of stereoscopic cultivation reduced significantly, by 22.84%, compared with the control.Light intensity in the lower layer of stereoscopic cultivation was moderate, in which T.edulis net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were higher than those of the other layers of stereoscopic cultivation, and bulb biomass proportion was the highest in all the treatments.No significant difference was detected in the total bulb fresh weight, dry weight and output growth (fresh weight) between the middle layer of stereoscopic cultivation and the control.In general, there was no significant difference in the growth status of T.edulis between stereoscopic cultivation and the control.Stereoscopic cultivation increased the yield of T.edulis by 161.66% in fresh weight and 141.35% in dry weight compared with the control in the condition of the same land area, respectively.In conclusion, stereoscopic cultivation can improve space utilization, increase the production, and achieve the high density cultivation of T.edulis.

Further characterization of o-nitrobenzaldehyde degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp: ONBA-17 and deduction on its metabolic pathway

A previously reported o-nitrobenzaldehyde (ONBA) degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ONBA-17 was further identified and characterized. Based on results of DNA base composition and DNA-DNA hybridization, the strain was identified as P. putida. Its degradation effect enhanced with increase of inoculum amount and no lag phase was observed. Higher removal rate was achieved under shaking conditions. All tested ONBA with different initial concentrations could be completely degraded within 5 d. In addition, degradative enzyme(s) involved was confirmed as intra-cellular distributed and constitutively expressed. Effects of different compounds on relative activity of degradative enzyme(s) within cell-free extract were also evaluated. Finally, 2-nitrobenzoic acid and 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid were detected as metabolites of ONBA degradation by P. putida ONBA-17, and relevant metabolic pathway was preliminary proposed. This study might help with future research in better understanding of nitroaromatics biodegradation.

Clinical significance of serum glutamyl transpeptidase in chronic hepatitis B / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the relationship between changes and clinical significance of serum glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and the degree of liver lesions in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Examinations of serum ALT, AST, GGT levels and liver biopsy were carried out and classification and staging of liver fibrosis and inflammation were performed for 70 patients with CHB. The relationship between ALT, AST, GGT and CHB was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) ALT, AST and GGT increased with the degree of inflammation and fibrosis, but their levels declined with the degree of G4 and S4. The correlation coefficients of ALT and GGT, AST and GGT were (0.322 and 0.328, P less than 0.05). With liver-protective treatment, in the cases with mild CHB, ALT was normalized quickly but GGT remained at a lower level. While ALT declined, GGT was still at a relatively high level for moderate and severe CHB cases, among them the level of GGT fluctuated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Serum GGT reflects the degree of liver inflammation more accurately than ALT and AST do and GGT activity can provide important evidence for clinical assessment of chronic hepatitis B.</p>